As pet parents, we are always on the lookout for potential dangers to our furry family members. While many of us are aware of common hazards like ticks (as we discussed in our previous article!), a silent and deadly threat is slowly making its way south: the cane toad. Historically a problem for our northern neighbours, recent reports confirm the presence of these toxic amphibians on the Central Coast of NSW, making it crucial for every cat and dog owner to be informed and prepared.

This blog post will help you understand the dangers of cane toad poisoning, what to look for, and what to do if you suspect your pet has been affected.

What is the Cane Toad Invasion Status in NSW?

The cane toad (scientifically known as Rhinella marina, but most people know them as Bufo marinus) is an invasive species of toad in Australia. They are native to Central and South America and were introduced here in 1935. Unfortunately, their presence is a major concern for both native wildlife and our beloved domestic pets.

Dogs are particularly at risk because of their curious nature; they are more likely to chase, mouth, or even bite these toxic toads. This is why it’s so important to be aware of the danger, especially now that they have been found so close to home.

Have Cane Toads Been Found on the Central Coast?

Yes, they have. There have been several confirmed sightings of cane toads on the Central Coast in recent years. Authorities have been alerted to instances in areas like Summerland Point, Woy Woy, and Mandalong. The discovery of a breeding colony in Mandalong is particularly alarming, suggesting that the threat is no longer limited to individual toads that have hitched a ride. The increasing number of sightings means the chances of a Central Coast pet encountering a cane toad are higher than ever before.

Identifying a Cane Toad: Know the Enemy

It's easy to mistake a cane toad for a native frog, so knowing the key differences is vital. Cane toads are typically larger and stockier than most native frogs, with an upright stance and short, rapid hops.

Key Identification Features:

• Size: Adults are large, typically 10-15cm, but can grow up to 24cm.
• Skin: Their skin is dry, warty, and can be grey, olive, yellowish, or reddish-brown.
• Distinctive Glands: The most telling feature is the large, bony ridge over their eyes that meets above their nose, and the prominent, circular toxin-producing glands (parotoid glands) on each shoulder behind the eyes. These glands are the source of the lethal venom.
• Movement: Unlike most native frogs that leap, cane toads tend to walk or move in short, quick hops.

If you are unsure, it's always best to assume it could be a cane toad and handle it with extreme caution. Report any sightings to the NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI) or use the FeralScan app.

The Deadly Impact: Symptoms of Cane Toad Poisoning in Dogs and Cats

When a cane toad feels threatened, it secretes a potent, milky venom from the glands on its shoulders. This venom contains over 70 different compounds, which are rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes of your pet's mouth, eyes, or nose. Even a small amount of contact can be life-threatening.

The toxins affect multiple body systems, including the heart, nervous system, and respiratory system. The effects can be dramatic and appear within seconds to minutes.

Immediate & Common Symptoms:

• Excessive Salivation: Profuse, foamy, and frothy drooling is usually the first and most obvious sign.
• Paw at the mouth: Your pet will often paw at their face due to the irritation and burning sensation.
• Red Gums: The gums may appear bright red and slimy.
• Vomiting or Gagging: Your pet may retch or vomit.
• Disorientation: Your pet may seem confused, wobbly, or distressed.

Severe & Life-Threatening Symptoms:

• Cardiovascular Issues: The toxins can cause dangerous changes to your pet’s heart rhythm, including very fast or irregular heartbeats, and high blood pressure.
• Neurological Signs: Over half of affected pets will show neurological symptoms like tremors, twitching, muscle rigidity, and seizures. In severe cases, this can lead to collapse or a coma.
• Breathing Difficulties: Your pet may have trouble breathing, with increased panting or laboured breaths.
• Complications: Other symptoms can include dilated pupils, diarrhoea, and even hyperthermia (high body temperature) due to increased muscular activity from tremors.

First Aid and Why Veterinary Intervention is Critical

If you suspect your pet has encountered a cane toad, every second counts. Administer immediate first aid, but understand that veterinary intervention is absolutely critical.

Emergency First Aid: The first step is to thoroughly clean your pet's mouth. Using a damp cloth, gently and repeatedly wipe all surfaces of the mouth, including the lips, gums, and tongue, for at least 10 minutes. The venom is sticky, so a simple rinse with a hose is not effective and can be dangerous if water is inhaled. Please use a cloth. After cleaning, get your pet to a veterinarian immediately, even if they seem to be recovering.

In-Hospital Treatment: Why It's Non-Negotiable While first aid helps, it's only the start. The toxins are already in your pet’s system, and a veterinarian is needed to manage the severe, internal effects. The mortality risk is low if a pet is treated promptly and correctly, but many still require hospitalization to recover.

Your veterinarian will provide advanced, professional care, including:

1. Cardiovascular Support: Vets will monitor your pet's heart rhythm and can administer specific anti-arrhythmic medications like Lignocaine to stabilise their heart and prevent fatal rhythms.
2. Neurological Management: If your pet is seizing, we will use powerful sedatives and anticonvulsant medications to stop the seizures and protect their brain.
3. Breathing Support: We will provide oxygen therapy and, in some cases, medication to help open up the airways and manage pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs) that can occur.
4. Fluid Therapy: IV fluids are crucial for supporting blood pressure, helping to flush the toxins from the system, and ensuring your pet stays hydrated.
5. Decontamination: We can perform a professional oral lavage under anaesthesia if necessary to remove any remaining toxins safely.

The ADAH Advantage: Expert Care in an Emergency

At Avoca Drive Animal Hospital, we are not only equipped with the latest diagnostic tools and treatment options, but we are also a Fear Free certified veterinary hospital. This certification means our entire team is specially trained to reduce fear, anxiety, and stress for your pet during their visit, especially during emergencies.

While gentle handling and calming pheromones are part of our standard care, we understand that they alone may not be enough in a life-threatening emergency. We are also fully trained and certified in the appropriate use of antianxiety medications, sedatives, and anaesthesia. These are powerful tools that, when used correctly, can dramatically improve the chances of a successful outcome.

In a stressful situation like cane toad poisoning, a pet's emotional state directly affects their physical well-being. A panicked, stressed animal can have an elevated heart rate and blood pressure, which can complicate treatment. By professionally addressing their emotional state with the right medications, we can:

• Lower Stress Hormones: This helps their body respond better to medical treatment.
• Reduce Pain and Discomfort: Making the experience less traumatic for your pet.
• Allow for Safer Procedures: An animal that is calm and stable is easier and safer to treat, especially when needing IV access or other critical interventions.

Simply delivering standard emergency care is often not enough. Our superior, comprehensive approach combines cutting-edge medical treatment with a profound understanding of animal behaviour and psychology, ensuring that both the physical and emotional needs of your pet are met with the highest level of professional care. We provide the tangible advantages that lead to superior outcomes.

Prevention is Your Best Defence: The Lifesaving Power of Puppy School

With the cane toad threat on the rise on the Central Coast, prevention is more important than ever. While we must all be vigilant, an amazing way to prepare your pet for life’s unexpected dangers is through early training.

At Avoca Drive Animal Hospital, we see a remarkable difference in emergency situations when a calm, well-trained and socialized pet comes in for treatment. Puppies that are taught from an early age about strange objects, sounds, and other animals are less likely to panic and more likely to stay calm when faced with a frightening situation, such as an encounter with a toxic toad or puffer fish.

The ability of a pet to remain calm in an emergency is a huge advantage. A calm pet is easier to treat, and their reduced stress levels can actually improve the effectiveness of their medical care. Our puppy school is designed to teach your young dog to navigate their world with confidence, which can quite literally save their life in an emergency.

By staying informed and taking a proactive approach to both prevention and training, you can help protect your beloved pets from the dangers of cane toad poisoning. If you are ever unlucky enough to experience one of these emergencies, please call us straight away on 4365 1086. We are here to help you prevent such emergencies or help navigate your pet through their emergency with ease and a much better chance of a successful outcome.